The processing techniques for titanium profiles encompass plastic deformation, joining technologies, and additive manufacturing, among others, and can be specifically categorized as follows:
The processing technologies for titanium profiles encompass plastic deformation, joining techniques, and additive manufacturing, and can be specifically categorized as follows:
1. Plastic Deformation Processes
Forging: Using forging equipment to shape titanium ingots into billets or directly form them into final shapes. This is divided into general forging, precision forging, and isothermal forging, and is suitable for the production of bars, forgings, and die forgings.
Rolling: This process uses rotating rollers to continuously deform titanium material to produce sheets, bars, tubes, and profiles. Hot rolling and cold rolling processes can control thickness accuracy, respectively.
2. Advanced Forming Technologies
Extrusion and Drawing: Extrusion is divided into forward and reverse extrusion and is used for profiles with complex cross-sections; drawing is used for high-precision tubes and wire.
Bending: Springback is controlled through cold or hot bending; the bending radius must meet material requirements, and stress-relief annealing is required after cold bending.
Stamping: Suitable for thin-walled parts; hot forming reduces deformation resistance, and hot straightening after preforming improves the forming accuracy of thick blanks.
3. Joining and Surface Treatment
Spinning: Combines forging and drawing processes, offering high material utilization and suitability for complex, high-precision parts.
4. Additive Manufacturing
Expansion Joining: Achieves a tight connection between titanium tubes and tube sheets through mechanical expansion, flexible expansion, or explosive expansion; the expansion ratio must be controlled between 1% and 6% to ensure sealing integrity.
Welding: TIG welding is the primary method, while electron beam welding is used for high-precision components; inert gas shielding is required to prevent oxidation.
II. Process Selection and Optimization
Selective Laser Melting: Used for complex structural components made of alloys such as Ti-6Al-4V; it offers high material utilization and enables the production of gradient functional materials.
High-Temperature Processing: Due to titanium's poor plasticity, it is often heated to 20–50°C below the phase transformation point for forging or rolling to reduce deformation resistance.
Digital Control: DEFORM software is used to simulate metal flow lines, and online inspection is employed to ensure precision.
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