The tensile strength of pure titanium ranges from 265 to 353 MPa, while that of general titanium alloys ranges from 686 to 1176 MPa, with the highest reaching 1764 MPa.
Titanium alloys have comparable strength to many steels, but their specific strength (strength-to-weight ratio) is much better. Specific strength is defined as the material's strength divided by its apparent density, and its unit is N/m²/(kg/m³) or N·m/kg. The compressive strength of titanium and titanium alloys is not lower than their tensile strength.
The compressive yield strength of commercially pure titanium is approximately equal to its tensile yield strength, while the compressive strength of Ti-6Al-4V and Ti-5Al-2.5Sn alloys is slightly higher than their tensile strength. Shear strength is generally 60%-70% of the tensile strength. The yield strength under pressure of thin titanium and titanium alloy plates is 1.2-2.0 times the tensile strength. Under normal atmospheric conditions, the fatigue strength of processed and annealed titanium and titanium alloys is (0.5-0.65) times the tensile strength. In a notched condition (Kt=3.9) with 107 fatigue tests, the fatigue strength of annealed Ti-6Al-4V is 0.2 times the tensile strength.
The hardness of high-purity industrial-grade wrought titanium is generally less than 120 HB, while that of other purity levels of wrought titanium ranges from 200 to 295 HB. The hardness of pure titanium castings is 200-220 HB. The hardness of titanium alloys in the annealed state is 32-38 HRC, equivalent to 298-349 HB.
The hardness of as-cast Ti-5Al-2.5Sn and Ti-6Al-4V alloys is 320 HB, and that of low-porosity Ti-6Al-4V castings is 310 HB.
The tensile modulus of elasticity of industrial-grade pure titanium is 105-109 GPa, and that of most titanium alloys in the annealed state is 110-120 GPa. Heat-treated titanium alloys have a slightly higher tensile modulus of elasticity than annealed alloys. The compressive modulus of elasticity is equal to or greater than the tensile modulus.
Although titanium and titanium alloys are much stiffer than aluminum and aluminum alloys, their specific stiffness is only 55% that of iron. The specific modulus of elasticity of titanium alloys is comparable to that of aluminum alloys, second only to beryllium, molybdenum, and some high-temperature alloys. The shear modulus of industrial-grade pure titanium is 46 GPa, and that of titanium alloys is 43-51 GPa.
To enhance the strength of titanium alloys, adding interstitial elements can negatively impact their impact resistance and fracture toughness. Depending on the type and condition of the titanium alloy, the Charpy impact strength of commercially pure titanium ranges from 15 to 54 J/cm², while that of cast titanium is 4 to 10 J/cm². The impact strength of annealed titanium alloys is 13-25.8 J/cm², and that of heat-treated alloys is slightly lower. The Charpy V-notch impact strength of cast Ti-5Al-2.5Sn alloy is 10 J/cm², and that of Ti-6Al-4V alloy is 20-23 J/cm². Generally, the lower the oxygen content in the processed titanium alloy, the higher this value will be.
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