The surface treatment processes for 3D printed titanium rods mainly include the following, aiming to improve their surface quality, mechanical properties, and functionality.
A. Mechanical Polishing
1. Sandblasting: Uses abrasives such as Al₂O₃ or glass beads to uniformly roughen the surface; suitable for preliminary treatment.
2. Vibratory/Magnetic Polishing: Suitable for small parts or complex structures, effectively improving surface finish.
3. CNC Finishing: Milling or turning high-precision mating surfaces to ensure dimensional tolerances.
B. Chemical and Electrochemical Polishing
1. Chemical Polishing: Smooths surfaces by chemically dissolving them, especially suitable for porous structures or complex internal cavities, reducing roughness from 6–12 μm to 0.2–1 μm.
2. Electrolytic Polishing: Significantly improves surface finish and removes surface oxides for stainless steel and titanium alloys.
C. Advanced Processes
1. Shape-Adaptive Grinding: Utilizes flexible grinding heads to polish free-form surfaces, achieving surface roughness below 10 nm.
2. Abrasive Flow Machining: Polishes hard-to-reach areas such as internal surfaces and cavities using viscous abrasive fluid.
3. Laser Polishing: Utilizes high-energy lasers to melt surfaces, achieving roughness of 2–3 μm, but with higher equipment costs.
D. Functional Treatments
1. Anodizing: Forms an oxide film on the titanium surface, enhancing corrosion resistance, hardness, and insulation; it can also be colored.
2. Phosphating: Used as a pretreatment before coating, improving coating adhesion and corrosion resistance.
3. Blackening: Generates an oxide film for rust prevention; commonly used for low-carbon steel, but titanium alloys require specific processes.
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